Intermediate
A mechanism for moving assets, asset representations or messages between blockchain environments.
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Advanced
An ERC-4337 participant that packages UserOperations into transactions sent through an EntryPoint contract.
IN THE WILD
A wallet sends your UserOperation to a bundler, which submits it with other operations in a transaction calling the EntryPoint.
Intermediate
Machine-oriented instructions that a virtual machine executes, often produced by compiling source code.
IN THE WILD
“The code is public” is useful, but you still check the explorer to see whether that source matches this deployed contract.
Intermediate
The input data supplied to an Ethereum transaction or contract call.
IN THE WILD
A swap request includes calldata describing the swap function, input amount and minimum amount you agree to receive.
Beginner
A trading platform run by an organization that manages accounts, orders and exchange services.
Intermediate
A change to the accepted chain that replaces previously accepted blocks with another valid branch.
IN THE WILD
'The explorer said confirmed a minute ago.' A short reorg replaced that block, and the payment is waiting for inclusion again.
Intermediate
The window during which a submitted result or withdrawal can be disputed under a protocol's rules.
IN THE WILD
"The transaction executed on the rollup, but the standard withdrawal is still inside its challenge period."
Beginner
A Bitcoin transaction output that returns unused input value to the sender.
IN THE WILD
You spend a 0.01 BTC UTXO to send 0.003 BTC. A change output returns the remainder after the transaction fee.
Intermediate
A designated block used as a reference point in a consensus process.
IN THE WILD
A network monitor tracks whether recent Ethereum checkpoints are being justified and finalized as validators submit their votes.
Intermediate
Extra information used to detect certain accidental changes in encoded data.